Status, crop losses, epidemiology, variability, and disease management of cumin blight: A review
Management of cumin blight
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25081/josac.2025.v34.i1.9771Keywords:
blight, molecular, variability, resistant, intensity, growth, managementAbstract
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a spice crop native to the eastern Mediterranean area and is now cultivated worldwide, especially in South Asia, North Africa, and Latin America. The most significant and destructive disease affecting cumin is blight caused by the pathogen Alternaria burnsii. This disease progresses after flowering, particularly during seed formation, and is exacerbated by cold, moist, and consistently gloomy weather. The pathogen grows to its maximum temperature of 28±1°C. The disease intensity has been found to range from 11.34 to 80.00 percent, depending on the climate. Symptoms of the disease manifest as small, isolated, whitish necrotic spots on aerial plant parts. These spots gradually enlarge and merge, causing the plant to turn purple, then brown, and ultimately black. Under ideal circumstances, the contagion quickly spreads to the plant's stem and flowers, killing the viable leaves and flowers, which are typically non-viable and may not appear withered. It is essential to investigate blight, focusing on its symptoms, signs, biology, status, epidemiology, cultural variation, morphological, pathogenic, and molecular variability. Developing effective disease management technologies and improved resistance screening techniques are necessary to recognize the changes in disease scenarios in climate fluctuations. This review updates current knowledge regarding the pathogen symptomology, status, variability, and source of resistance has been reviewed and updated, identifying management options and the genetic basis of resistance as future research priorities.
Downloads
References
Amin A M, Patel N R, Patel J R, Patel H B & Amin A U 2018 Bio–efficacy of Nativo (tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25%) against Alternaria blight and powdery mildew diseases of cumin. Int J. Seed Spices. 8(2):61-63.
Aziz A H M, Abdalla M E, Nada M G A & Shabana Y M 2021 Management of cumin blight disease caused By Alternaria burnsii by using green chemicals and bio fungicides. J. Plant Protec. Patho. 2(4):337-346.
Bayraktar H, Palacioglu G & Ozer G 2016 PCR‐Based detection of Alternaria burnsii causing blight disease in cumin. 2nd Int. Agri. Con., November 14 ‐18:2016.
Bayraktar H, Palacioglu G & Ozer G 2017 Effect of different cultural conditions on the growth of Alternaria burnsii and its phylogenetic analysis based on rDNA-ITS sequences. Anadolu J. Agri. Sci. 32:284-290.
Bhatnagar K & Tak S K 2008 Bio-efficacy of score 25% EC as foliar spray against Alternaria blight disease of cumin. Pesto. 32(5):30-31.
Chhata L K, Verma J R, Sharma S K & Dangi N L 2017 Efficacy biocontrol agents, plant extracts and organic amendment against blight, powdery mildew, and wilt diseases in cumin. J Plant Develop. Sci. 9(5):453-57
DASD 2024 Advance Estimates 2023-24, pp. 3. Spices Board of India.
Deepak, Arora D K, Saran P L & Lal G 2008a Evaluation of cumin varieties against blight and wilt time of sowing. Ann. Plant Protect. Sci. 16(2):441-443.
Deepak, Arora D K, Saran P L & Lal G 2008b Control of wilt and blight diseases of cumin through antagonistic fungi under in vitro and field conditions. Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj. 36(2):91-96.
Dhakad J K, Jadeja K B, Sharma A, & Kumar P S 2015 Integrated management of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) blight caused by Alternaria burnsii. Trends in Bio. 8(17):4621‐4624.
Didwania N 2019 Diseases of cumin and their management. Dis. Medi. Aro. Plant Mana, pp.339-52.
El-Deeb H M, Lashin S M & Arab Y A 2016 Controlling of cumin blossom blight disease in Egyptian organic plantations. Res. J. Pharm. Bio. Che. Sci. 7(3):56-63.
Feng Z, Hsiang T, Liang X, Zhang R & Sun G 2021 Draft genome sequence of cumin blight pathogen Alternaria burnsii. Plant Disease 105:1165-1167.
Gemawat P D & Prasad N 1972 Epidemiological studies on Alternaria blight of Cuminum cyminum. Indian J. Mycol. Plant. Patho. 2:65-75.
Gangopadhyay S, Bhakar B R, & Godara S L 2010 Effect of botanicals on cumin blight caused by Alternaria burnsii. J. Mycol. Plant Patho 40(4):570-574.
Jadeja K B & Pipliya B H 2008 In vitro evaluation of plant extract and bio-agents against Alternaria burnsii Uppal, Patel & Kamat causing blight of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) J. Spi. Arom. Crops. 17(1):26-28.
Jadon K S, Singh S K, Patel N & Sharma A K 2020 Integrated pest management module for cumin (Cuminum cyminum) production under arid environment. Indian J. Agr. Sci. 90(6):1120‐1124.
Jagani B, Parmar M, Patel V N & Vishwakarma 2023 Antifungal activity of some plant extracts on Alternaria burnsii: the causal agent of Alternaria blight of cumin. Sustainability Agri. Food Envi. Res. 11. http://dx.doi.org/safer-V13N1-art673.
Jat B L, Jat A S & Nidhi 2019 Evaluation of Azoxystrobin 11% +Tebuconazole 18.3% SC against cumin blight on farmer’s field. Bhart Kri. Anu. Pat. 34(3-4):254-256.
Joshi N C 1955 Note on two diseases of Cuminum cyminum L. hitherto unreported from Ajmer State. Sci Cult.21:101-102.
Kakraliya G L 2017 Epidemiology and management of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L) blight caused by Alternaria burnsii. Ph.D. thesis, SKNAU, Jobner.
Kakraliya G L, Ahir R R, Yadav A L, Choudhary S, Jat M K & Yadav S L 2021 Effect of fungicides on Alternaria blight of cumin caused by Alternaria burnsii. Int. J. Agri. Sci. 13(9):10818‐10820.
Kakraliya G L, Ahir R R, Yadav A L, Yadav S L, Choudhary S & Kumar V 2022 Management of Alternaria blight of cumin caused by Alternaria burnsii by biocontrol agents, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas. J. Bio. Control. 36(1):80-83.
Kamkar B, Koocheki A, Mahallati M N, Teixwira da Silva J A, Moghaddam P R & Kafi M 2011 Fungal diseases and inappropriate sowing dates, the most important reducing factors in cumin fields of Iran, a case study in Khorasan provinces. Crop Prot. 30:208-215.
Khalequzzaman K M 2016 Effect of fungicides in controlling Alternaria blight of cumin. Asian J. App. Sci. Engi. 5:7-14.
Kirk P M, Cannon P F, Minter D W & Stalpers J A 2008 Dictionary of fungi.10th ed. Wallingford. Cabi. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
Kocaturk S 1988 The important cumin diseases in central Anatolia. J. Turkish Phyto.17:121.
Kumawat G L, Shivran A C, Kunwar R, Punia S S & Singh J 2022 Screening of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) germplasm to blight and wilt diseases caused by Alternaria burnsii and Fusarium oxysporium. Biological Forum‐An Inter. J. 14(1):1412-1415.
Makawana K G. Talaviya J R, Shah K D, Savaliva V A & Lathiya S V 2024b Evaluation of non-systemic fungicides for growth inhibition of Alternaria burnsii causing blight in cumin. Farm. Manag. 9(1):37-40.
Makawana K G, Talaviya J R, Shah K D, Savaliva V A & Lathiya S V 2024c Identification, phylogeny, pathogenicity and management of Alternaria burnsii (Uppal, Patel & Kamat) causing blight of cumin. Farm. Manag. 9(1):41-47.
Makawana K G, Talaviya J R, Shah K D, Savaliva V A & Lathiya S V 2024a Effectiveness of plant extracts against cumin blight (Alternaria burnsii). Farm. Manag. 9(1):33-36.
Mali P S, Jaiman R K & Parmar A T 2014 Survey and physiological studies of Alternaria burnsii causing cumin. Envi. Eco. 32(2A):668-670.
Mali P S, Jaiman R K & Parmar A T 2017 Variability of blight pathogen (Alternaria burnsii Uppal et al.,) of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Envi. Eco. 32(2A):977-981.
Meena R S, Answer M M, Lal G, Kant K & Mehta R S 2010 Advanced production technology of Cumin. Nat. Res. Cen. Seed Spi, Tabiji, Ajmer.
Negi A S 2020 A study on the epidemiology and management of Alternaria blight on cumin caused by Alternaria burnsii. European J. Mol. Cli. Medic. 7(4):5852-5866.
Ozer G & Bayraktar H 2015 Determination of fungal pathogens associated with Cuminum cyminum in Turkey. Plant Prot. Sci. 51:74-79.
Ozer G, Yilmaz O D & Bayraktar H 2014 Morphologic, phenotypic and phylogenetic variability of Alternaria burnsii, the causal agent of Alternaria blight in Cuminum cyminum. Balkan Agricultural Congress, Edirne, Turkey, pp.773.
Patel H B, Patel N R & Amin A M 2018 Evaluation of cumin genotypes suitable for timely and late sown conditions. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 7(08):3756-3759.
Patel N R, Amin A M & Amin A U 2017 Chemical management of cumin blight. Int. J. Seed Spi. 7(2):82-86.
Pipaliya B H & Jadeja K B 2008 Cultural variability and mancozeb sensitivity of different isolates of A. burnsii L. J. Mycol. Plant Patho.38(1):121-122.
Pipliwal S K, Jadeja K B, Sharma A & Dhakad J 2015 Effect of fungicides and phytoextracts on spore germination of Alternaria burnsii. Ann. Agric. Res. New Series. 36(4):415-420.
Pipliwal S K, Jadeja K B & Sharma A 2017 Effect of different fungicides and phytoextracts on growth inhibition of Alternaria burnsii. Ann. Agric. Res. New Series. 38(2):230-234.
Pipliwal S K, Jadeja K B & Talaviya J D 2013 Effect of bioagents on aerial disease of cumin. Agri.Sus. Devel. 1(1):57-60.
Polra M H & Jadeja K B 2011 Evaluation and integration of fungicides, phytoextracts and bioagents against Alternaria burnsii causing cumin blight. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol.41:126-131.
Rana A, Kumar V, Mirza A & Panghal A 2018 Efficacy of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) as a Bionutrient and its Management. Ann. Bio. 34(2):218-222.
Rathod N K, Parmar R S, Gajre N K, Gohill N B & Parmar A B 2022 Survey for prevalence of cumin blight in Gujrat. Fron. Crop. Imp.10:470-471.
Rao K N, Simon S & Abhilasha A L 2021 Effect of selected botanicals on Alternaria blight of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). The Pharma Inno. J. 10(9):1609-1612.
Sawant S B & Parmar R G 2019a Cultural and morphological variability among the isolates of Alternaria burnsii (Uppal, Patel & Kamat) causing blight of cumin. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(08):304-317.
Sawant S B & Parmar R G 2019b RAPD based molecular variability of different isolates of Alternaria burnsii (Uppal, Patel & Kamat) causing blight of cumin. Int. J. Che. Stu.7(5):2434-2441.
Sawant S B, Parmar R G, Patil G B, Mankad M, Patel R, Parmar K D & Gohel N M 2022 Zinc nanoparticles and their antifungal activity against Alternaria burnsii causing blight of cumin. Curr. J. App. Sci. Tech.39(48):116-123.
Shakir A S, Mirza J H, Sahi S T & Ansar M 1995 First report of Alternaria burnsii. The causal organism of cumin blight in Pakistan. Pakistan J. Phytopath.7(2):219.
Sharma J K, Sharma K, Shekhawat H V S, Joshi N, Meena V K, Lekha & Choudhary A 2024 Management of cumin blight by novel fungicides: A menacing disease of south-western Rajasthan. Indian J. Agri. Sci.94(8):870‐875.
Sharma S & Pandey R N 2012 Variability among isolates of Alternaria burnsii from cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Bioinfolet. 9(4):610-614.
Sharma S & Pandey R N 2013 Survival, epidemiology and management of Alternaria blight of cumin in Gujarat. Bioinfolet. 10(2):639-642.
Sharma Y K, Choudappa P C & Answer M M 2013b Efficacy of fungicides for the management of Alternaria blight of cumin. Int. J. Seed Spices. 3(1):48-49.
Sharma Y K, Kant K, Solanki R K & Saxena R P 2013a Prevalence of cumin disease on farmer’s field: A survey of Rajasthan and Gujarat states. Int. J. Seed Spices. 3(2):46-49.
Shekhawat K S, Shivran A C, Singh D, Mittal G K & Singh B 2016 Eco-friendly approaches for the management of diseases and pest in cumin. Int. J. Seed Spices. 6(2):84-87.
Shekhawat N, Trivedi A, Kumar A & Sharma S K 2013a Management of Alternaria burnsii causing blight of cumin. Int. J. Plant Protec. 6(2):280-284.
Shekhawat N, Trivedi A, Sharma S K & Kumar A 2013b Cultural, morphological and pathogenic variability in Alternaria burnsii causing blight of cumin. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 43(1):80-83.
Shelar K, Nema S & Harne A 2017 Evaluation of plant extract against Alternaria burnsii causing blight of cumin. Pest. 41(1):27-30.
Singh N K, Patel D B, Chaudhari S R, Morad B G, Rabari S M, Chattopadhyay A & Tetarwal M L 2018 Morphometric and internally transcribed spacer gene sequence-based characterization of Alternaria burnsii. Curr. Sci. 114(9):1927-1933.
Singh D, Jadon K S, Verma A & Kakani R K 2024 Harnessing natures defenders: unveiling the potential of microbial consortia for plant defense induction against Alternaria blight in cumin. Folia microbio.doi:10.1007/s12223-024-01191-y.
Singh N K, Patel D B, Chaudhari S R, Morad B G, Rabari S M, Chattopadhyay A, Tetarwal M L & Prajapati M R 2016a Characterization of plant pathogenic isolates of Alternaria burnsii. Int. J. Tro. Agri. 34(6):1461-1468.
Singh S 2014 Epidemiology and management of Alternaria blight of cumin (Cuminum cyminum). Ph.D. Thesis, MPUAT, Udaipur.
Singh S, Bairwa S K, Trivedi A, Meena R K, Meena S C & Prasad D 2016b Morphological and molecular variability in Alternaria burnsii and Alternaria alternata causing blight disease of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Int. J. Bio. Str. Mana. 7(6):1336-1345.
Singh S, Trivedi A, Mathur K & Padamini R 2015 Assessment of yield loss of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) caused by Alternaria leaf blight and pathogen recovery from infected seeds. Indian Phytopath. 68(3):350‐352.
Singh D, Jadon K S, Verma A & Kakani R K 2024 Harnessing natures defenders: unveiling the potential of microbial consortia for plant defense induction against Alternaria blight in cumin. Folia microbiologica.doi:10.1007/s12223-024-01191-y.
Sunder S 2005 Studies on cumin blight caused by Alternaria burnsii (Uppal, Patel & Kamat) M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, CCSHAU, Hissar.
Uppal B N, Desai M K & Kamat M K 1938 Alternaria blight of cumin. Ind. J. Agric. Sci.7:49-62.
Varma S & Kumhar D R 2023 A comparative study of plant extracts and biocontrol agents for managing Alternaria burnsii in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.): An in-vitro assessment. J. Eco-friendly Agri. 18(2):398-402.
Varma S & Kumhar D R 2024 In-vitro evaluation of fungicides against Alternaria burnsii (Uppal, Patel & Kamat) causing blight of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). En. Con. J.25(1):50-55.
Varma S, Kumhar D R, Priyanka & Sheshma M K 2021 Screening of cumin germplasms/varieties against blight disease. The Pharma Inn. J. SP-10(11):2547-2551.
Verma J R, Kumar M, Mehria M L, Ameta H & Sharma L K 2020. Evaluation of captan 75 % WP + Hexaconazole 5 % for bio-efficacy against Alternaria blight and powdery mildew disease in cumin. J. Pro. Agri. 11(1):4-8
Vihol J B 2004 Management of Alternaria blight of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) caused by Alternaria burnsii under north Gujarat condition. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, SKNDAU, S K Nagar.
Wadud M A, Fahim A H F, Naher M S & Sarker M B 2017 Effect of Fungicide(s) in controlling Alternaria Blight of Cumin. Int. J. Agri. Papers. 2(1):7‐12.
Wadud A, Das S & Khokon A R 2021 Prevalence of the Alternaria blight of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) in Bangladesh: Morphology, phylogeny and pathogenic variation of Alternaria spp. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 28(10):5865-5874.
Yadav G L, Kumar M, Verma J R, Ramesh & Kumawat M M 2022a Survey on the incidence and percent disease intensity (PDI) of cumin blight in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India. Front. Crop Imp. 10:1416-1419.
Yadav P C, Gahlot N, Bijarnia A L, Kumar A & Choudhary M 2022b Efficacy of Tebuconazole 25.9 EC against cumin Blight (Alternaria burnsii). Chem. Sci. Rev. Lett. 11(43):385-387.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Laxman Prasad Balai, S M Khardia, Navab Singh, Indu Bala Sethi, Sachin Sharma
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
.